Tuesday, October 4, 2016

rsktutors

Malaria

History of Malaria
Dear Reader,
        I observed a lot of people were suffered from Malaria at least once in their lifetime. So, here I would like to share the almost information(I believe) about malaria and its consequences for the sake of educating the people.   

   



Protozoan parasite caused the Malaria disease. Plasmodium genus transmitted through the female anopheles mosquitoes. In 1880, Alphones Laveran discovered the Malaria parasite in the infected person. William Maccullum invented the sexual stages of mosquitoes reproduction in human blood. Dr. Ronald Ross was a military doctor, who did his research extensively on malaria for 16 years (1881-1897).

        Malaria disease is known from almost 5th century B.C. Malaria which derived from Italian which means bad air. So it was believed that bad air caused to malaria. Manson hypothesis is that mosquitoes transmit malaria. Sir Ronald Ross confirmed that mosquitoes are main sources to malaria.

Life cycle of plasmodium:
* In the infective stage the sporozoites(it is an asexual mode of reproduction stage of malaria parasite)  are entered into the human body. They attack liver cells.
* Sporozoites are increased through an asexual mode of reproduction. This leads to the production single nucleate merozoites. These merozoites attack red blood cell. Merozoites which attack another new red blood cell.
* This entire process occur repeatedly this leads to the malaria disease. Some young merozoites develop into a male and female gamete.
* Malarial parasites life mainly depends on two hosts. The primary host is the mosquito, the Secondary host is the man. The parasite develops in man through an asexual mode of reproduction. This phase of the life cycle of the parasite is known as an Asexual cycle.
* The phase of a life cycle in the mosquito is called sexual cycle. For the survival of the female mosquitoes they depend on man blood and male mosquitoes depend on plant juices.

Asexual reproduction in men:
        When female anopheles mosquito bites the parasite enter into our body. This phase of life is known as Sporozoites. These sporozoites enter into the liver cell after half an hour. Slowly they acquire totally liver cell and they feed on the contents of the liver cell. This phase is called crypto-schizont phase. Daughter cells are produced by asexual mode of reproduction by schizont. They are called Crypto-Merozoites.
        Merozoites are broken the liver cell and enter into the blood. Among some merozoites are attack the new cells. They are produced in a large number of merozoites and they are enter into the red blood cells. All these changes take place in the liver cells. Hence it is called pre-erythrocytic cycle. This entire process occurs in 7 to 17 days and parasite enter into the blood. But phase completed the parasite enter into the red blood cells.
        After entering into the red blood cells parasite feed on the content of the red blood cells. So their body size grows. They are completely developed, occupy the inner space of the red blood cells. They are called Schizont. 6 to 24 merozoites are produced by the division of the schizont. Red blood cells are ruptured by merozoites and released into the blood. Merozoites are again attacked the new red blood cells. So their number increased. This is the stage of the Erythrocytic cycle. This process takes place in red blood cells. Hence it is called Erythrocytic cycle. The break of the red blood cells and enter into the blood is linked with cold and fever. It is treated as malarial fever.
        After few generations, some of the merozoites develop into gametocytes in the red blood cells. They are two kinds…
1. Macro gametocytes
2. Micro gametocytes
Gametocytes further development takes place in the mosquito.

Life cycle in mosquito:
        Mosquito sucks the blood gametocytes enter into its digestive system. Their further development takes place when they migrate into the walls of the digestive system. Macro gametocytes develop into macrogamete which is equal to unfertilized egg. Micro gametocytes give to microgamete which is equal to sperms.
        Fusion of egg and sperms resulting this zygote is formed. Zygotes travel to the outer layer of the wall. It develops in size and divided into a large number of sporozoites.
        The sporozoites travel towards the salivary glands of mosquito. When infected mosquito bites sporozoites are released into the human body along with mosquito saliva. Inculcation period varies for different species of plasmodium. Malaria begins with a sensation of extremely cold. Patients want to be covered with heavy blankets. Human body temperature raised for 106oF. This stage may be seen for a period of 2 to 4 hours. Severe headache
and body pains are common during this period.
        Next stage is releasing sweat. This process occurs 2-3 days when merozoites are ruptured the red blood cells. If parasite enters into the children body it blocks the capillaries, which are supplying blood to the brain.
        Quinine is used to treat malaria. But parasite is developed resistance to Quinine. That’s why new drugs were invented to control malaria. To control malaria the best way is controlling mosquito population and using mosquito nets. Before the invention of the life cycle of the malaria parasite, malariologist could not explain how the malaria parasite transmits from one person to another.
        Italian malariologist concluded that mosquitoes were helped to transmit the malaria disease. Ronal Ross discovered that plasmodium rectum caused to avian malaria in birds. In the human being also malaria spread through mosquitoes.
       


  Ronald Ross believed that malaria is not caused by mosquitoes and thought it is an intestinal infection. Monson and Ross showed blood slides containing malaria parasite. Incompletely understanding of life cycle in humans, nobody knows how the parasite grows in first 10 days. The stage of a life cycle in humans malaria parasite to complete time taken nearly 70 years. To understanding human malaria before this malariologist commonly formed in birds, mammals ad reptiles.
        After a few centuries various discoveries concerning the malaria parasite and their transmission. Alphonse Laveran observed first that parasites are present in the blood of malaria patient in 1980. Finally, Ronald Ross discovered the life cycle of the malaria parasite in man and female anopheles mosquito and he got the noble prize in the year 1902 for this invention.
        On 20th August, 1897, Ross found clear outlines about 12mm diameter cells. Each cell containing a type of cell, black pigment. He draws rough sketches in his notebooks. Finally, Ross discovered the route map of malaria. Infected patient blood to mosquito stomach to salivary glands to infect a healthy person. So on 20th August we celebrate world malaria day.

        I am feeling very happy to share my knowledge with you. Feel free to give any comments, suggestions.

Thank You.







rsktutors

About rsktutors -

RSK is an Associate Professor in Master of Computer Applications, having 15+ years of teaching experience in computer science. He taught and shared his knowledge with more than thousand students, which brings excellent future for them. He is also article writer for various computer books which were using by so many private education institutions. He also developed and deployed a good number of software applications for private educational institutions. You can find RSK on Google+ and Facebook.

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